Презентация на тему: The to-infinitive or -ing form

THE TO-INFINITIVE OR –ING FORM GRAMMAR REFERENCESBalabanova Olga, school N 6, Apatity

The to-infinitive is used1.To express purpose.He went to university to become a lawyer. (in order to become)to - infinitive

The to-infinitive is used2. after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse etc).He refused to pay the bill.to – infinitive

The to-infinitive is used3. after certain adjectives (happy, glad, sorry etc).She was happy to win the prize.to- infinitive

The to-infinitive is used4. After I would like/would love/ would prefer to express specific preference.I’d like to see the manager.to – infinitive

The to-infinitive is used5. After certain nouns.What a surprise to see him there!to – infinitive

The to-infinitive is used6. After too/enough constructionsHe’s too young to have his own car.He’s clever enough to do the crossword.He’s got enough money to live on.to - infinitive

The to-infinitive is used7. With: it + be + adjective (+ of + noun/pronoun).It was generous of him to offer 1000$.to – infinitive

The to-infinitive is used8. With so+adjective+as.Would you be so kind as to help me move the sofa?to – infinitive

The to-infinitive is used9. With “only” to express an unsatisfactory result.She came in only to find Bob had left.to - infinitive

The to-infinitive is used10. After: be + the first/second etc/next/last/best etc.He was the last to come to work.to – infinitive

The to-infinitive is used11. In the expression: for + noun/pronoun + to –inf.For him to be so rude was unforgivable.to – infinitive

The to-infinitive is used12. In expressions such as: to tell you the truth, to begin with, to be honest etc.To be honest, I don’t like him.to – infinitive

The to-infinitive is usedNote: If two infinitives are joined by “and” or “or”, the “to” of the second infinitive can be omitted.I want to call Mr Jones and fax or post him a letter.to – infinitive

The –ing form is used1. After certain verbs (admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go(physical activities), imagine, involve, keep,(=continue), mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone, practice, prevent, quit, recall recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand suggest, tolerate, understand etc).They discussed selling the company.Let’s go jogging!I’d rather go sailing.

The -ing form is used2. After: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express general preference.She dislikes painting. (In general)Note: Like + to-inf = it’s good ideaI like to wash my hair every day- Ing - ing - ing - ing - ing

The –ing form is used3. After: I’m busy, It’s no use, It’s (no) good, It’s (not) worth, what’s the use of, can’t help, there is no point (in), can’t stand, have difficulty (in), in addition to, as well as, have trouble, have a hard/difficult time.He can’t stand being treated like a slave.He had difficulty finding his way back.- Ing - ing - ing -ing - ing

The –ing form is used4. After: spend/waste (time, money etc).He spends his free time (in) digging the garden.- Ing - ing - ing - ing - ing

The –ing form is used5. After prepositions. He left the shop without paying so he was accused of stealing.- Ing - ing - ing - ing - ing

The –ing form is used6. As a noun.Walking is good exercise.- Ing - ing - ing - ing - ing

The –ing form is used7. After: look forward to, be/get used to, be/get accustomed to, object to, admit (to) etc.I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.Ing - ing - ing - - ing - ing

The –ing form is used8. After: hear, listen, notice, see, watch to express an incomplete action, an action in progress or a long action. I saw Tim doing his homework. ( I saw part of the action in progress. I did not wait until he had finished.)- Ing - ing - ing - ing - ing

But: hear, listen, see, watch + infinitive without “to” express a complete action, something that one saw or heard from begging to end.I saw Tim do his homework. It took him an hour. (I saw the whole action from beginning to end.) hear, listen , see, watch

THE INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO IS USED1. After: most modal verbs( can, must, will etc). You can leave now if you want.2. After: had better/would rather.I’d rather not go out tonight.3. After: make/let/see/hear/feel + object. They made him pay for the damage.4. “know” and “help” are allowed by to-infinitive or an infinitive without to.I’ve never know him (to) be so mean. 5. But: in the passive: be known, be helped + to-infinitive. She was known to have worked as a teacher. infinitive without to